21 research outputs found
Explainable Lifelong Stream Learning Based on "Glocal" Pairwise Fusion
Real-time on-device continual learning applications are used on mobile
phones, consumer robots, and smart appliances. Such devices have limited
processing and memory storage capabilities, whereas continual learning acquires
data over a long period of time. By necessity, lifelong learning algorithms
have to be able to operate under such constraints while delivering good
performance. This study presents the Explainable Lifelong Learning (ExLL)
model, which incorporates several important traits: 1) learning to learn, in a
single pass, from streaming data with scarce examples and resources; 2) a
self-organizing prototype-based architecture that expands as needed and
clusters streaming data into separable groups by similarity and preserves data
against catastrophic forgetting; 3) an interpretable architecture to convert
the clusters into explainable IF-THEN rules as well as to justify model
predictions in terms of what is similar and dissimilar to the inference; and 4)
inferences at the global and local level using a pairwise decision fusion
process to enhance the accuracy of the inference, hence ``Glocal Pairwise
Fusion.'' We compare ExLL against contemporary online learning algorithms for
image recognition, using OpenLoris, F-SIOL-310, and Places datasets to evaluate
several continual learning scenarios for video streams, low-sample learning,
ability to scale, and imbalanced data streams. The algorithms are evaluated for
their performance in accuracy, number of parameters, and experiment runtime
requirements. ExLL outperforms all algorithms for accuracy in the majority of
the tested scenarios.Comment: 24 pages, 8 figure
Molecular signature of clinical severity in recovering patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), a recent epidemic human disease, is caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV). First reported in Asia, SARS quickly spread worldwide through international travelling. As of July 2003, the World Health Organization reported a total of 8,437 people afflicted with SARS with a 9.6% mortality rate. Although immunopathological damages may account for the severity of respiratory distress, little is known about how the genome-wide gene expression of the host changes under the attack of SARS-CoV. RESULTS: Based on changes in gene expression of peripheral blood, we identified 52 signature genes that accurately discriminated acute SARS patients from non-SARS controls. While a general suppression of gene expression predominated in SARS-infected blood, several genes including those involved in innate immunity, such as defensins and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, were upregulated. Instead of employing clustering methods, we ranked the severity of recovering SARS patients by generalized associate plots (GAP) according to the expression profiles of 52 signature genes. Through this method, we discovered a smooth transition pattern of severity from normal controls to acute SARS patients. The rank of SARS severity was significantly correlated with the recovery period (in days) and with the clinical pulmonary infection score. CONCLUSION: The use of the GAP approach has proved useful in analyzing the complexity and continuity of biological systems. The severity rank derived from the global expression profile of significantly regulated genes in patients may be useful for further elucidating the pathophysiology of their disease
Fungal fermented palm kernel expeller as feed for black soldier fly larvae in producing protein and biodiesel
Being the second-largest country in the production of palm oil, Malaysia has a massive amount of palm kernel expeller (PKE) leftover. For that purpose, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are thus employed in this study to valorize the PKE waste. More specifically, this work elucidated the effects of the pre-fermentation of PKE via different amounts of Rhizopus oligosporus to enhance PKE palatability for the feeding of BSFL. The results showed that fermentation successfully enriched the raw PKE and thus contributed to the better growth of BSFL. BSFL grew to be 34% heavier at the optimum inoculum volume of 0.5 mL/10 g dry weight of PKE as compared to the control. Meanwhile, excessive fungal inoculum induced competition between BSFL and R. oligosporus, resulting in a reduction in BSFL weight. Under optimum feeding conditions, BSFL also registered the highest lipid
yield (24.7%) and protein yield (44.5%). The biodiesel derived from BSFL lipid had also shown good compliance with the European biodiesel standard EN 14214. The high saturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content (C12:0, C14:0, C16:0) in derived biodiesel made it highly oxidatively stable.
Lastly, the superior degradation rate of PKE executed by BSFL further underpinned the sustainable conversion process in attaining valuable larval bioproducts
Explainable Goal-Driven Agents and Robots -- A Comprehensive Review
Recent applications of autonomous agents and robots, such as self-driving
cars, scenario-based trainers, exploration robots, and service robots have
brought attention to crucial trust-related challenges associated with the
current generation of artificial intelligence (AI) systems. AI systems based on
the connectionist deep learning neural network approach lack capabilities of
explaining their decisions and actions to others, despite their great
successes. Without symbolic interpretation capabilities, they are black boxes,
which renders their decisions or actions opaque, making it difficult to trust
them in safety-critical applications. The recent stance on the explainability
of AI systems has witnessed several approaches on eXplainable Artificial
Intelligence (XAI); however, most of the studies have focused on data-driven
XAI systems applied in computational sciences. Studies addressing the
increasingly pervasive goal-driven agents and robots are still missing. This
paper reviews approaches on explainable goal-driven intelligent agents and
robots, focusing on techniques for explaining and communicating agents
perceptual functions (example, senses, and vision) and cognitive reasoning
(example, beliefs, desires, intention, plans, and goals) with humans in the
loop. The review highlights key strategies that emphasize transparency,
understandability, and continual learning for explainability. Finally, the
paper presents requirements for explainability and suggests a roadmap for the
possible realization of effective goal-driven explainable agents and robots
A hybrid model of fuzzy artmap and the genetic algorithm for data classification
A framework for optimizing Fuzzy ARTMAP (FAM) neural networks using Genetic Algorithms (GAs) is proposed in this paper. A number of variables were identified for optimization, which include the presentation order of training data during the learning step, the feature subset selection of the training data, and the internal parameters of the FAM such as baseline vigilance and match tracking. A single configuration of all three variables were encoded as a chromosome string and evaluated by creating and training the FAM according to the variables. The fitness of the chromosome is determined by the final classification accuracy of the FAM. Evaluation on benchmark data sets are conducted with the results compared with literature. Experimental results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in undertaking data classification tasks
Robust remote heart rate estimation from multiple asynchronous noisy channels using autoregressive model with Kalman filter
Remote heart rate measurement has many powerful applications, such as measuring stress in the workplace, and the analysis of the impact of cognitive tasks on breathing and heart rate variability (HRV). Although many methods are available to measure heart rate remotely from face videos, most of them only work well on stationary subjects under well-controlled conditions, and their performance significantly degrades under subject's motions and illumination variation. We propose a novel algorithm to estimate heart rate. Also, it can differentiate between a photo of a human face and an actual human face meaning that it can detect false signals and skip them. The method obtains ROIs using facial landmarks, then it rectifies illumination based on Normalized Least Mean Square (NLMS) adaptive filter and eliminates non-rigid motions based on standard deviation of fixed length of the signal's segments. The method employs the RADICAL technique to extract independent subcomponents. The heart rate measures for each subcomponent, are estimated by analysis of frequency signal to find the one with the highest magnitude. A two-steps data fusion method is also introduced to combine current and previous measured heart rates to calculate a more accurate result. In this paper, we explore the potential of our algorithm on two self-collected, and DEAP databases. The results of three experiments demonstrate that our algorithm substantially outperforms all previous methods. Moreover, we investigate the behavior of our algorithm under challenging conditions including the subject's motions and illumination variation, which shows that our algorithm can reduce the influences of illumination interference and rigid motions significantly. Also, it indicates that our algorithm can be used for the online environment. Finally, the application of our algorithm in search and rescue scenarios using drones is considered and an experiment is conducted to investigate the algorithm's potential to be embedded in drones
Fractal dimension methods to determine optimum EEG electrode placement for concentration estimation
In this study, fractal dimension approaches were used for analyzing EEG to determine the optimum electrode placement to distinguish between concentration and relaxation states. The EEG of participants was recorded from multiple electrode placements while under relaxed state and while in a state of heightened mental activity. Higuchi and Katz algorithms were applied to extract the fractal dimension FD indices of windowed segments of the EEG. These were then plotted in a graph, and a simple threshold was applied to best divide the indices of relaxation and concentration. The Higuchi algorithm was found to be better than Katz at distinguishing between relaxation and concentration, and P3 was found to be the best position to measure concentration, with P8 being a close contender. © 2017, The Natural Computing Applications Forum
Self-Organizing Reservoir Network for Action Recognition
Current research in human action recognition (HAR) focuses on efficient and effective modelling of the temporal features of human actions in 3-dimensional space. Echo State Networks (ESNs) are one suitable method for encoding the temporal context due to its short-term memory property. However, the random initialization of the ESN's input and reservoir weights may increase instability and variance in generalization. Inspired by the notion that input-dependent self-organization is decisive for the cortex to adjust the neurons according to the distribution of the inputs, a Self-Organizing Reservoir Network (SORN) is developed based on Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) and Instantaneous Topological Mapping (ITM) as the clustering process to cater deterministic initialization of the ESN reservoirs in a Convolutional Echo State Network (ConvESN) and yield a Self-Organizing Convolutional Echo State Network (SO-ConvESN). SORN ensures that the activation of ESN’s internal echo state representations reflects similar topological qualities of the input signal which should yield a self-organizing reservoir. In the context of HAR task, human actions encoded as a multivariate time series signals are clustered into clustered node centroids and interconnectivity matrices by SORN for initializing the SO-ConvESN reservoirs. By using several publicly available 3D-skeleton-based action recognition datasets, the impact of vigilance threshold and reservoir perturbation of SORN in performing clustering, the SORN reservoir dynamics and the capability of SO-ConvESN on HAR task have been empirically evaluated and analyzed to produce competitive experimental results
Self-Organizing Kernel-based Convolutional Echo State Network for Human Actions Recognition
We propose a deterministic initialization of the Echo State
Network reservoirs to ensure that the activation of its internal echo state
representations reflects similar topological qualities of the input signal
which should lead to a self-organizing reservoir. Human actions encoded
as a multivariate time series signal are clustered before using the clustered nodes and interconnectivity matrices for initializing the S-ConvESN
reservoirs. The capability of S-ConvESN is evaluated using several 3Dskeleton-based action recognition datasets
Classification of transcranial Doppler signals using individual and ensemble recurrent neural networks
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is a reliable technique with the advantage of being non-invasive for the diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases using blood flow velocity measurements pertaining to the cerebral arterial segments. In this study, the recurrent neural network (RNN) is used to classify TCD signals captured from the brain. A total of 35 real, anonymous patient records are collected, and a series of experiments for stenosis diagnosis is conducted. The extracted features from the TCD signals are used for classification using a number of RNN models with recurrent feedbacks. In addition to individual RNN results, an ensemble RNN model is formed in which the majority voting method is used to combine the individual RNN predictions into an integrated prediction. The results, which include the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity rates as well as the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve, are compared with those from the Random Forest Ensemble model. The outcome positively indicates the usefulness of the RNN ensemble as an effective method for detecting and classifying blood flow velocity changes due to brain diseases